A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self，not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which/that④ matter most to us.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which/that④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.

[规则感悟] ①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。

1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。

(1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。

(2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。

Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.

有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。

I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to.

我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。

My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.

我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。

2．that和which引导的定语从句

that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点：

(1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。

①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，the one等不定代词时。

②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。

③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。

④先行词被the only，the very (正是，恰是), the last修饰时。

⑤先行词既有人又有物时。

⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。

(2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。

①引导非限制性定语从句时。

②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。

③先行词本身是that时。

④关系代词后有插入语时。

3．as引导的定语从句

as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。

We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。

These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.

这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。

4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别

关系词 位置不同 表意不同

as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等

which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等

As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.

正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。

The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。

She married again，which was unexpected.

她再婚了，这是始料未及的。

5．定语从句中的主谓一致

(1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。

The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。

(2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。

He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。

He is the only one of the students who has made great progress.

他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。

对点练习

1．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool which/that gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.(2021·浙江1月)

2．Dr Rowan，whose secretary resigned two weeks ago，has had to do all his own typing.

3．The lady who is(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.

4．As is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.

5．When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons that they could remember in the school.

6．Then Mr Green read some reviews of the play，which said it was a terrible one.

A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to fall asleep，some wake up in the middle of the night，and others simply do not get enough sleep.One of the reasons why^① people fail to get a good night’s sleep is pressure from school or work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the short term，people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long term，they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory，being overweight and suffering a heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing，and night is the time when^② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where^③ body development slows down，and their health suffers.

So，if you have trouble getting a good night’s sleep，it might be time to make some changes in your lifestyle.

[规则感悟] ①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。 ②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。

1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。

 

We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。

The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。

The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.

他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。

2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。

They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.

他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。

I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.

我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。

Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge.

在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。

4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，in which或省略关系词。

It’s not what you say；it’s the way(that/in which) you say it.

问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。

5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。

选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。如：

 The factory          he once worked is closed now.

 work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语。

 The factory          he set up last year is operating well.

 该题从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。

对点练习

1．In the spring，a season when we are learning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.(2021·天津6月)

2．They are now in a situation where they need to make a practical plan.

3．That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

4．One day，mentally exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved.

As is universally known，high school life is an important turning point and high school campus is an important place in which^① students study and live.Here there are many kind teachers to whom^② we can turn for help when we are in trouble.My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion，we agreed on making a video with which^③ we could record our experiences at school.

Material collecting took us a whole week，during which^④ we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.Some compromises were unavoidable，but the video turned out perfect.That day on which^⑤ the video was played，it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time，which surely gave us a great sense of achievement.

[规则感悟] “介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。

1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。

He is the person on whom you can depend.

他是你可以信赖的人。

He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.

他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。

Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。

2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：

(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定

I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved.

我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。

(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定

I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.

我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。

(3)根据所表达的意思来确定

The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.

没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。

3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。

The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.

这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。

特别提醒 定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别

(一)定语从句与并列句的区别

两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。

1．She has written many novels，some of          are interesting.

分析 which [which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。]

2．She has written many novels，and some of          are interesting.

分析 them [此句为and连接的并列句。]

(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别

定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。

1．She has collected many old stamps，most of          are worth thousands of dollars.

分析 which [which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。]

2．She has collected many old stamps，most of          worth thousands of dollars.

分析 them [逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。]

(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别

定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。

1．We young people should go to the place          is in need of help.

分析 which/that [关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。]

2．We young people should go          we’re most needed.

分析 where [where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。]

(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别

定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。

1．I will always remember the days          I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.

分析 when [when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。]

2．I always remember the days in the countryside      I see the photo of my grandparents.

分析 when [when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。]

(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别

在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。

1．This is such an interesting work of art          all of us like.

分析 as [as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。]

2．This is such an interesting work of art          all of us like it.

分析 that [such...that...引导结果状语从句。]

(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别

定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。

1．         is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.

分析 As [as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。]

2．         is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

分析 It [it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。]

3．         is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

分析 What [what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。]

(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别

强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。

1．It was on the morning of May 1st          I met Liang Wei at the airport.

分析 that [将句子改为： I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。]

2．It is the factory          Mr Wang works.

分析 where [此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in，故填where。]

对点练习

1．William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can learn without repeating them.(2021·天津3月)

2．Hua Mulan，the story of whom has been told by generations in China，is a fighter from the Northern Wei Dynasty (386－534)．

3．The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies，all of them over 600 years old.

4．I have a new book，the cover of which is very nice.

层级一 基础达标练

单句语法填空

1．The old man turned his business over to his younger son，which made his elder son discouraged.

2．I will never forget such a beautiful village where I spent my childhood with my grandparents.

3．There they met people from other parts of the country，who had also volunteered to help.

4．There are many good websites where you can check out the latest in the science world.

5．He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people who/that wanted to work in Silicon Valley.

6．Incense(香) found wider popularity during the Ming and Qing dynasties when it was used to fend off diseases，insects，mosquitoes and preserve people’s health.

7．Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice，whose way of talking about people inspired me.

8．As an official document explained，tea is a fundamental cultural element to Chinese people’s daily life.

9．The reason why the 12th lunar month is called la yue has a lot to do with the custom of sacrifice.

10．Zhou is working with a group of highly educated and skilled young people，most of whom hold doctorate degrees.

层级二 高考真题练

单句语法填空

1．But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place which/that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.(2023·全国乙)

2．There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.(2023·全国甲)

3．Kim Cobb，a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta，is one of a small but growing minority of academics who/that are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.(2022·浙江1月)

4．On the 1,100-kilometer journey，the man Cao Shengkang，who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident，crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全国甲)

5．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.(2022·新课标Ⅰ)

6．When you sleep，your brain sorts through everything that  happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories.(2021·北京)

7．Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)

8．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)

9．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.(2020·新课标Ⅰ)

10．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.(2019·天津6月)

层级三 语篇提能练

语法填空

There was a time 1.             I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2.             my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3.         I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide,4.             teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from 5.           I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.             we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,7.           encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8.           I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9.           I can memorize a large number of new words.10.______________our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”

1．答案 when

解析 先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。

2．答案 why

解析 先行词是reason，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。

3．答案 where

解析 先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。

4．答案 whose

解析 先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。

5．答案 whom

解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。

6．答案 that/which

解析 此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。

7．答案 who

解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故填who。

8．答案 which

解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指物，并在定语从句中作宾语，故填which。

9．答案 which

解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，故填which。

10．答案 As

解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”并位于句首，意为“正如”，故填As。