I^① am a senior high school student and I^① want to join our^② school football team，but the person in charge has rejected me^③.I have to spend my^② spare time practicing football to improve myself^④.Look! The football under the bed is mine^⑤.It has been worn out.

[规则感悟] ①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。③为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。

(一)代词的形式

(二)反身代词的习惯用法

(三)it的用法

1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。

It is early spring，but it is already very hot.

现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。

It is twenty miles from here to the village.

从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。

2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词。

Although he doesn’t like it，I decide to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。

3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)。

What will you call it if it is a boy?

要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？

4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。

(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：

①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式

It is important for students to learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。

It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.

他离开办公室之后没关门，真是糊涂了。

②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。

It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)

③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句

It is a pity that you can’t go with her.

很遗憾你不能和她一起去。

④It＋特殊动词(短语)(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb...)＋that从句

It seems that he has made a serious mistake.

他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。

⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句

It is reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.据报道有20人死于这次地震。

⑥It takes sb time/patience/effort/energy to do sth

It took him much energy to write the novel.

写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。

(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：

主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb) to do sth/宾语从句

I find it easy to get on with Jim.

我发现同吉姆相处很容易。

He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.

他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。

(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。

I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.

如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。

5．it的常用短语或句型。

(1)When it comes to learning English，reading widely is of great importance.

当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。

(2)I can’t help it if he is always complaining.

若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。

(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.

尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。

(4)As someone puts it，practice makes perfect.

正如某人所说，熟能生巧。

(5)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.我想你不同意经理的意见。

(6)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.他参军已经三年了。

(7)It was three years before he returned home.

过了三年他才回家。

对点练习

1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.

2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”

3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.

4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.

5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.

6．There is a knock on the door.It might be the postman.

1．all/every/both/each/neither/none

There are 50 students in my class.Though not all^① of us are studying well，we all^① study hard.Every student^② has a dream university，though not every student^② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both^③ like music，but both of us don’t^③ want to enter a music academy.Each^④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none^⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both^③ fat，so neither^⑥ of us love PE classes.

[规则感悟] ①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。

2．anything/nothing/something/everything

—Do you have anything^① to say about your exam?

—No，I have nothing^② to say about it.

—I hope you can share something^③ special about your school.

—I have told you that I don’t have anything^① to say about it.Everything^④ has gone wrong.

[规则感悟] ①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也没有”，用于否定句中。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。

3．the other，another，others与the others

—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another^① one? Some others^② say it doesn’t fit me well.

—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other^③ one.

—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to the others^④.

[规则感悟] ①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。

4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones

I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one^① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that^②/the one^③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones^④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those^⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones^⑥ of high quality.

[规则感悟] ①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。

1.another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。

Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.

另外3个学生去了那个聚会。

2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。

None of us was going to the party.

我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。

Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。

对点练习

1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.

2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.

3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.

4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.

5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.