丨纠错提交丨
I bought an interesting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting② that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④ in it.
My mother is reading the novel attentively⑤ now and she is quite⑤ moved by it.Obviously⑥，she won’t return the book to me soon.
[规则感悟] ①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。⑤副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。⑥副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。
1．形容词的构词规则
(1)名词转换为形容词的规则
|
类别 |
例词 |
|
词尾加-y |
cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，wind→windy，salt→salty |
|
词尾加-(e)d |
gift→gifted，talent→talented，experience→experienced，detail→detailed，age→aged |
|
词尾加-ful/-less |
meaning→meaningful/meaningless，care→careful/careless，help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，use→useful/useless，thank→thankful/thankless |
|
词尾加-able |
comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，remark→remarkable，fashion→fashionable，reason→reasonable |
|
词尾加-ous |
danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humor→humorous |
|
词尾变-ce为-t |
absence→absent，confidence→confident，difference→different，elegance→elegant，persistence→persistent，significance→significant |
|
词尾(去e)加-al |
music→musical，person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional，profession→professional |
|
词尾去-e加-al或-ial |
agriculture→agricultural，culture→cultural，globe→global，universe→universal，virtue→virtual，commerce→commercial，finance→financial |
|
词尾加-ly |
friend→friendly，week→weekly，love→lovely |
|
词尾加-en |
wood→wooden，wool→woolen |
|
词尾去-e或-y加-etic/-ic |
athlete→athletic，energy→energetic，scene→scenic，economy→economic，history→historic |
|
其他常见变化 |
habit→habitual，fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific，medicine→medical，day→daily，influence→influential，south→southern |
注意
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀-y变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e结尾的名词加-y变形容词时要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。
(2)动词转换为形容词的规则
|
类别 |
例词 |
|
词前加-a |
live→alive，wake→awake，sleep→asleep |
|
词尾加-ed/-d |
excite→excited，educate→educated，relax→relaxed，challenge→challenged，crowd→crowded，balance→balanced |
|
词尾(去e)加-ing |
surprise→surprising，convince→convincing，frighten→frightening，appeal→appealing，reward→rewarding，invite→inviting |
|
词尾(去e)加-able |
accept→acceptable，respect→respectable，enjoy→enjoyable，adjust→adjustable，afford→affordable，bear→bearable，suit→suitable，recognize→recognizable |
|
词尾(去e)加-ive/-ative/-itive |
act→active，attract→attractive，compare→comparative，compete→competitive，create→creative，impress→impressive，relate→relative，select→selective |
注意
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀-y变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e结尾的名词加-y变形容词时要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。
2．形容词变副词的规则
|
类别 |
例词 |
|
(1)一般形容词变副词直接在其后加-ly。 |
quick→quickly，anxious→anxiously |
|
(2)以辅音字母＋e结尾的形容词直接加-ly，以元音字母＋e结尾的形容词去掉e再加-ly。 |
immediate→immediately，polite→politely，true→truly |
|
(3)以辅音字母＋le结尾的形容词要去掉e再加-y。 |
possible→possibly，probable→probably |
|
(4)以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词要变y为i再加-ly。 |
happy→happily，healthy→healthily |
|
(5)以ic结尾的形容词要在其后加-ally。 |
economic→economically，basic→basically |
|
(6)以ll结尾的形容词要在其后加-y。 |
full→fully，dull→dully |
注意
下面这两个单词是特殊的形式：whole→wholly public→publicly
3．常见的以-ly结尾的形容词
(1)表示时间的形容词：hourly每小时的；daily 每天的；weekly 每周的；monthly 每月的；yearly 每年的；timely及时的，适时的。
(2)表示人的形容词：manly有男子气概的；womanly 女性特有的；motherly慈母般的；fatherly 慈父般的；comradely 同志般的。
(3)表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词：lovely可爱的；friendly 友好的；ugly 难看的；lively 活泼的；lonely 孤独的；unfriendly 不友好的；kindly 亲切的；sickly多病的；elderly 年长的。
(4)表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词：likely可能的；orderly 整齐的；deadly 致命的；chilly 寒冷的；disorderly 乱七八糟的；unlikely 不大可能发生的。
4．如何区分-ed结尾的形容词与-ing结尾的形容词
(1)-ing结尾的形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质或特征，常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，也可以修饰事物，多修饰smile(微笑)，appearance(外貌)，face(面部表情)，voice(声音)，look(表情)，expression(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile on his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice.
他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
5．常考的连接性副词
though然而，可是；meanwhile 在此期间；therefore/thus/consequently因此，所以；moreover/furthermore而且，此外；besides而且，另外，还有；however然而；instead相反，代替；anyway/anyhow尽管，即使这样；otherwise否则。
The young man couldn’t afford a new car.Instead，he bought a used one.
那个年轻人买不起新车，便买了一辆二手的。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides，I’d grown fond of our little rented house.这个房子太贵、太大了。而且，我已经越来越喜欢我们租的小屋了。
6．意义不同的同根副词
(1)closely adv.密切地(close adv.不远地；接近地)
(2)freely adv.自由地(free adv.免费地)
(3)hardly adv.几乎不(hard adv.努力地)
(4)lately adv.近来(late adv.晚，迟)
(5)mostly adv.主要地(most adv.非常；几乎，差不多)
(6)widely adv.广泛地(wide adv.尽可能远地；充分地)
(7)highly adv.高度地(high adv.高)
(8)deeply adv.深刻地(deep adv.深地；在深处)
(9)nearly adv.几乎(near adv.在附近)
对点练习
1．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal(person) stories cheerfully.
2．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed(disappoint)．
3．I’ll never forget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hope to go there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry(hunger)．
5．In the study，GBS was used to provide a highly(high) efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedup in solving some tasks.
6．The title will be officially(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
7．Luckily(lucky)，he also has a cow which produces milk every day.
8．I am terribly(terrible) sorry that I can’t go to the bookstore with you at the appointed time.
