Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies^①.He works seven days^① a week and 12 months^② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches^③.He likes eating tomatoes^④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves^⑤.He has two pet horses^⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm^⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm^⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his^⑨，who raises some cows^⑥ and goats^⑥.

[规则感悟] 1.可数名词变复数

①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。

2．名词的所有格

⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。

1．不规则变化的名词复数

(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：

foot—feet脚 goose—geese鹅

tooth—teeth牙齿 mouse—mice老鼠

man—men男人 woman—women女人

(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：

sheep—sheep绵羊 deer—deer鹿

Chinese—Chinese中国人

Japanese—Japanese日本人

means—means方法 series—series系列

species—species物种

crossroads—crossroads 十字路口

spacecraft—spacecraft航天器

(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：

child—children 孩子 ox—oxen 公牛

(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：

gentleman—gentlemen绅士

Englishman—Englishmen英国男子

policeman—policemen男警察

chairwoman—chairwomen女主席

businessman—businessmen商人

craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人

注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。

(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：

analysis—analyses分析 

basis—bases基础

crisis—crises危机 

thesis—theses论文

medium—media媒介物

phenomenon—phenomena现象

2．复合名词的单复数变化

(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如：

birthday—birthdays生日 

blackboard—blackboards黑板 

bookshelf—bookshelves书架 

gentleman—gentlemen绅士

(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：

book worm—book worms 

son-in-law—sons-in-law

looker-on—lookers-on 

passer-by—passers-by 

story-teller—story-tellers

(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups 

standby—standbys

(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。

women singers女歌手 

men servants 男仆人

(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。

(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do等。

3．名词所有格的特殊形式

(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：

Kate and Mary’s room

凯特和玛丽共有的房间

Kate’s and Mary’s rooms

凯特和玛丽各自的房间

(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：

at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里

at the barber’s (shop)在理发店

at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家

对点练习

1．The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup.

2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity)．

3．The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.

4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by)．

5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.

6．He goes to the barber’s(barber) to have his hair cut every month.

To learn more knowledge^①，I have to do lots of homework^① every day and have no time^① to have fun^② or do housework^①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress^②.So this exam is not a failure^③.On the contrary，it is a success^③ in a way.

[规则感悟] ①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。

②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。

③抽象名词具体化：

•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。

•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。

1．不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：

 

2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。

It is a waste of time reading such a novel.

读这种小说就是浪费时间。

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。

3．有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。

如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯。

对点练习

1．Word came that he would start yet another trade war against other countries as he wouldn’t keep his word on that matter.(word)

2．As a war reporter，Jenny went through a lot of adventurous experiences，which contributed to her rich experience in her job.(experience)

3．I don’t think I am a failure；it is said that / failure is the mother of success.(冠词填空)

动词变名词的后缀

 

 

 

 

2.形容词变名词的后缀

 

对点练习

1．Since June 2017，right before the arrival(arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.(2023·新课标Ⅱ)

2．When the answer was no，she declined the invitation(invite)．(2022·浙江1月)

3．China has a responsibility(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022·全国乙)

4．In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage(marry) ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)

5．Historical accuracy(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新课标Ⅰ)